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Objective To explore the features of distribution on HIV-1 gene subtypes among newly reported HIV/AIDS cases in the border areas of Yunnan province.Methods A total of 233 newly reported HIV/AIDS cases aged 18 or more were consecutively included in the border counties of Dehong Dai and Jingpo autonomous prefecture (Dehong prefecture),Honghe Hani and Yi autonomous prefecture (Honghe prefecture) of Yunnan province from November 2015 to October 2016.HIV-1 RNA was extracted with pol and env genes amplified.HIV-1 gene subtypes were determined through phylogenetic analysis.Results A total of 146 out of 233 specimens were genotyped successfully.HIV-1 was found to have had 8 gene subtypes in Dehong prefecture,with the unique recombinant forms (URFs) as the predominant (52.8％,57/108) type,including 56.8％ (21/37) of the cases with Chinese ethnicity and another 50.7％ (36/71) were Myanmar citizens.Four HIV-1 gene subtypes were detected in Honghe prefecture,with CRF01_AE as predominant (71.1％,27/38),including 81.0％ (17/21) Vietnamese and 58.8％ (10/17) Chinese.Differences on the distribution of HIV-1 gene subtypes were seen statistically significant between Dehong prefecture and Honghe prefecture (x2=61.072,P＜0.001).Conclusions The distribution of HIV-1 gene subtypes showed big difference in the two border areas of Yunnan province,suggesting that both Chinese or non-Chinese citizens living in the area should be taken good care of,in terms of HIV/AIDS prevention and control.
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Objective To understand the related risk behaviors,knowledge and status of HIV/ AIDS infection among rural adults of Derung minority,to provide relevant messages for the development of HIV/AIDS intervention strategy in this minority group.Methods We used system sampling method to conduct a cross-sectional survey in 6 administration villages of Derung Township,Gongshan Derung and Nu Autonomous County in Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan Province,with a sample size estimated as 383.Adult residents with Derung minority in six villages of Gongshan County were involved,with relevant information collected through door-to-door visit.HIV antibody was tested and SPSS 17.0 was used for statistical analysis.Results Information on 394 valid respondents was collected,with age as between 18 and 65 (34.39 ± 9.74),80.7％ (318/394) as married,54.0％ (213/394) having had primary school education,13.2％ (52/394) as migrant workers.In this population,the overall HIV infection rote appeared as 0.5％ (2/400),mainly through sexually transmission.The rate of awareness on HIV/AIDS was 69.8％ (275/394),mainly through free publicized materials 50.0％ (197/394).Rates on premarital sexual behavior on multiple sexual partners in the past year,on temporary sexual partners in the past year,having commercial sexual experiences in the past year and ever used condoms when engaging in casual sex,were 6.4％ (60/366),18.0％(66/366),5.7％(21/366),1.9％(7/366) and 8.0％(25/311),respectively.Conclusions Few numbers of HIV infections were identified among the migrating workers with Derung minority,with sexual transmission as the major route,along with the increased number of rural migrant workers and the low rates both on AIDS knowledge and condom use,accompanied by the high risk sexual behavior appeared in this rural adult residents of Derung minority.Relative strategies on HIV/AIDS intervention and control should be developed.
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Objective To explore the features of distribution on HIV-1 gene subtypes among newly reported HIV/AIDS cases in the border areas of Yunnan province.Methods A total of 233 newly reported HIV/AIDS cases aged 18 or more were consecutively included in the border counties of Dehong Dai and Jingpo autonomous prefecture (Dehong prefecture),Honghe Hani and Yi autonomous prefecture (Honghe prefecture) of Yunnan province from November 2015 to October 2016.HIV-1 RNA was extracted with pol and env genes amplified.HIV-1 gene subtypes were determined through phylogenetic analysis.Results A total of 146 out of 233 specimens were genotyped successfully.HIV-1 was found to have had 8 gene subtypes in Dehong prefecture,with the unique recombinant forms (URFs) as the predominant (52.8％,57/108) type,including 56.8％ (21/37) of the cases with Chinese ethnicity and another 50.7％ (36/71) were Myanmar citizens.Four HIV-1 gene subtypes were detected in Honghe prefecture,with CRF01_AE as predominant (71.1％,27/38),including 81.0％ (17/21) Vietnamese and 58.8％ (10/17) Chinese.Differences on the distribution of HIV-1 gene subtypes were seen statistically significant between Dehong prefecture and Honghe prefecture (x2=61.072,P＜0.001).Conclusions The distribution of HIV-1 gene subtypes showed big difference in the two border areas of Yunnan province,suggesting that both Chinese or non-Chinese citizens living in the area should be taken good care of,in terms of HIV/AIDS prevention and control.
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Objective To understand the related risk behaviors,knowledge and status of HIV/ AIDS infection among rural adults of Derung minority,to provide relevant messages for the development of HIV/AIDS intervention strategy in this minority group.Methods We used system sampling method to conduct a cross-sectional survey in 6 administration villages of Derung Township,Gongshan Derung and Nu Autonomous County in Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan Province,with a sample size estimated as 383.Adult residents with Derung minority in six villages of Gongshan County were involved,with relevant information collected through door-to-door visit.HIV antibody was tested and SPSS 17.0 was used for statistical analysis.Results Information on 394 valid respondents was collected,with age as between 18 and 65 (34.39 ± 9.74),80.7％ (318/394) as married,54.0％ (213/394) having had primary school education,13.2％ (52/394) as migrant workers.In this population,the overall HIV infection rote appeared as 0.5％ (2/400),mainly through sexually transmission.The rate of awareness on HIV/AIDS was 69.8％ (275/394),mainly through free publicized materials 50.0％ (197/394).Rates on premarital sexual behavior on multiple sexual partners in the past year,on temporary sexual partners in the past year,having commercial sexual experiences in the past year and ever used condoms when engaging in casual sex,were 6.4％ (60/366),18.0％(66/366),5.7％(21/366),1.9％(7/366) and 8.0％(25/311),respectively.Conclusions Few numbers of HIV infections were identified among the migrating workers with Derung minority,with sexual transmission as the major route,along with the increased number of rural migrant workers and the low rates both on AIDS knowledge and condom use,accompanied by the high risk sexual behavior appeared in this rural adult residents of Derung minority.Relative strategies on HIV/AIDS intervention and control should be developed.
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Objective To understand the characteristics of newly detected HIV infection cases and related high risk behaviors in the areas with high HIIV infection prevalence in Yunnan province.Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted with census method during January to March 2016 among newly detected HIV infected persons in Dehong,Honghe,Lincang and Dali prefectures in Yunnan during 2012-2015.Results Among 451 HIV seropositive cases,the major transmission route of HIV was heterosexual contact,accounting for 92.5％ (417/451).The total awareness rate of AIDS related knowledge was 73.0％ (329/451).The rates of condom use at sex with regular sexual partners,occasional sexual partners,commercial sexual partners and men who have sex with men within 1 year before knowing their infection status were 48.7％ (167/343),4.2％ (7/165),9.9％ (15/151) and 0.0％ (0/3),respectively.The risk factors for using no condom at sex with regular sexual parmers included living at Dali,being farmer,unmarried,cohabitation,divorced and widowed,monthly income under 1 000 yuan (RMB),living in urban area before infection,knowing no AIDS related knowledge etc.The risk factors for using no condom at sex with occasional sexual partners included living in Dehong,Honghe and Lincang,aged ≤30 years and being farmer.The injecting drug users accounted for 8.2％ (37/450) and 75.5％ of these cases had received AIDS related intervention (340/450).Conclusion High prevalence of heterosexual transmission of HIV,poor AIDS related knowledge on awareness,high risk behavior and poor condom use and poor intervention service utilization were found among newly detected HIV infected persons in areas with high HIV infection prevalence in Yunnan.
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Objective To study the HIV-1 drug resistance transmission level in HIV infected persons receiving no antiviral therapy in Dehong prefecture of Yunnan province in 2015.Methods A total of 72 plasma samples were collected from recently reported HIV-infected persons aged 16-25 years in Dehong from January to July 2015 for drug resistance gene detection.Results Forty eight samples were successfully sequenced and analyzed.Among them,31.2％ (15/48) were from Chinese,and 68.8％ (33/48) were from Burmese.Based on pol sequences,HIV genotypes included URF (52.08％,25/48),CRF01_AE (16.67％,8/48),RF07_BC (10.42％,5/48),subtype B (6.25％,3/48),subtype C (6.25％,3/48),CRF57_BC (6.25％,3/48) and CRF08_BC (2.08％,1/48).One drug resistant mutation site to non-nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) and two drug resistant mutation site to nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) were detected in four sequences.Based on the statistical method of HIV drug resistance threshold survey,the prevalence of HIV-1 drug resistant strain was 5％-15％.Conclusions The proportion of Burmese among newly reported HIV-infected individuals aged 16-25 years in Dehong in 2015 was higher.HIV-1 genetic diversity was found in Dehong.The prevalence of HIV-1 drug resistant strain had reached a moderate level in Dehong.
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Objective To understand HIV incidence in community residents and epidemiological characteristics of newly detected HIV infection cases in Dali,Yunnan province.Methods A cohort study was conducted among 146720 community residents who were tested to be HIV negative during 2010-2011,they were followed-up from June 1,2014 to May 31,2015.Results A total of 136356 community residents received follow up (92.9％).The follow-up time was 0.23-5.40 years (medium:3.43 years),cumulatively 459675 person years,and 78 people were found to be HIV positive.The incidence rate of HIV infection was 0.170/1000 person years.The incidence rate was 0.037/1000 person years in age group 15-29 years,0.288/1000 person years in age group 30-44 years,0.210/1000 person years in age group 45-59 years,0.204/1000 person years in age ≥60 years;0.213/1 000 person years in males,0.130/1000 person years in females;0.248/1000 person years inHan ethnic group,0.149/1000 person years in Minorities;0.194/1000 in people with education level ≤junior middle school,0.046/1000 person years in people with education level ＞ junior middle school;0.070/1000 person years in the unmarried,0.194/1000 person years in the married and 0.425/1000person years in the divorced/widowed.Cox proportional hazards regression analysis showed that being male (HR=l.731),aged 30-44 years (HR=13.158),aged 45-59 years (HR=10.329),aged ≥60years (HR=8.291),unmarried (HR=3.162) and divorced/widowed (HR=2.689) were the risk factors for HIV infection,while the education level ＞ junior middle school (HR=0.132) was the protective factor for HIV infection.Conclusions By medium 3.43 years follow up,the cohort study showed that incidence rate HIV infection was 0.170/1000 person years in the community residents in Dali.Male,middle aged and old people,people with low education level,the unmarried and the divorced/widowed had relatively higher risk to be infected with HIV,Close attention should be paid to the prevention and control of AIDS in these populations.
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Objective To understand the characteristics of newly detected HIV infection cases and related high risk behaviors in the areas with high HIIV infection prevalence in Yunnan province.Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted with census method during January to March 2016 among newly detected HIV infected persons in Dehong,Honghe,Lincang and Dali prefectures in Yunnan during 2012-2015.Results Among 451 HIV seropositive cases,the major transmission route of HIV was heterosexual contact,accounting for 92.5％ (417/451).The total awareness rate of AIDS related knowledge was 73.0％ (329/451).The rates of condom use at sex with regular sexual partners,occasional sexual partners,commercial sexual partners and men who have sex with men within 1 year before knowing their infection status were 48.7％ (167/343),4.2％ (7/165),9.9％ (15/151) and 0.0％ (0/3),respectively.The risk factors for using no condom at sex with regular sexual parmers included living at Dali,being farmer,unmarried,cohabitation,divorced and widowed,monthly income under 1 000 yuan (RMB),living in urban area before infection,knowing no AIDS related knowledge etc.The risk factors for using no condom at sex with occasional sexual partners included living in Dehong,Honghe and Lincang,aged ≤30 years and being farmer.The injecting drug users accounted for 8.2％ (37/450) and 75.5％ of these cases had received AIDS related intervention (340/450).Conclusion High prevalence of heterosexual transmission of HIV,poor AIDS related knowledge on awareness,high risk behavior and poor condom use and poor intervention service utilization were found among newly detected HIV infected persons in areas with high HIV infection prevalence in Yunnan.
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Objective To study the HIV-1 drug resistance transmission level in HIV infected persons receiving no antiviral therapy in Dehong prefecture of Yunnan province in 2015.Methods A total of 72 plasma samples were collected from recently reported HIV-infected persons aged 16-25 years in Dehong from January to July 2015 for drug resistance gene detection.Results Forty eight samples were successfully sequenced and analyzed.Among them,31.2％ (15/48) were from Chinese,and 68.8％ (33/48) were from Burmese.Based on pol sequences,HIV genotypes included URF (52.08％,25/48),CRF01_AE (16.67％,8/48),RF07_BC (10.42％,5/48),subtype B (6.25％,3/48),subtype C (6.25％,3/48),CRF57_BC (6.25％,3/48) and CRF08_BC (2.08％,1/48).One drug resistant mutation site to non-nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) and two drug resistant mutation site to nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) were detected in four sequences.Based on the statistical method of HIV drug resistance threshold survey,the prevalence of HIV-1 drug resistant strain was 5％-15％.Conclusions The proportion of Burmese among newly reported HIV-infected individuals aged 16-25 years in Dehong in 2015 was higher.HIV-1 genetic diversity was found in Dehong.The prevalence of HIV-1 drug resistant strain had reached a moderate level in Dehong.
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Objective To understand HIV incidence in community residents and epidemiological characteristics of newly detected HIV infection cases in Dali,Yunnan province.Methods A cohort study was conducted among 146720 community residents who were tested to be HIV negative during 2010-2011,they were followed-up from June 1,2014 to May 31,2015.Results A total of 136356 community residents received follow up (92.9％).The follow-up time was 0.23-5.40 years (medium:3.43 years),cumulatively 459675 person years,and 78 people were found to be HIV positive.The incidence rate of HIV infection was 0.170/1000 person years.The incidence rate was 0.037/1000 person years in age group 15-29 years,0.288/1000 person years in age group 30-44 years,0.210/1000 person years in age group 45-59 years,0.204/1000 person years in age ≥60 years;0.213/1 000 person years in males,0.130/1000 person years in females;0.248/1000 person years inHan ethnic group,0.149/1000 person years in Minorities;0.194/1000 in people with education level ≤junior middle school,0.046/1000 person years in people with education level ＞ junior middle school;0.070/1000 person years in the unmarried,0.194/1000 person years in the married and 0.425/1000person years in the divorced/widowed.Cox proportional hazards regression analysis showed that being male (HR=l.731),aged 30-44 years (HR=13.158),aged 45-59 years (HR=10.329),aged ≥60years (HR=8.291),unmarried (HR=3.162) and divorced/widowed (HR=2.689) were the risk factors for HIV infection,while the education level ＞ junior middle school (HR=0.132) was the protective factor for HIV infection.Conclusions By medium 3.43 years follow up,the cohort study showed that incidence rate HIV infection was 0.170/1000 person years in the community residents in Dali.Male,middle aged and old people,people with low education level,the unmarried and the divorced/widowed had relatively higher risk to be infected with HIV,Close attention should be paid to the prevention and control of AIDS in these populations.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the prevalence of high risk behaviors and influencing factors among HIV infected persons aged ≥50 years.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Face to face questionnaire interview was conducted among the HIV infected persons selected in Jianshui, Gejiu and Mengzi counties in Yunnan province through random sampling in June 2015. The sample size was 450.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among the HIV infected persons surveyed, 41.2% (122/296) had sexual behaviors with their spouses during past year, and the consistent condom use rate was 66.4% (81/122). Among the HIV infected males, 8.9% (28/313) had commercial sexual behaviors during past year, and the consistent condom use rate was 17.9% (5/28). Among the HIV infected females, 0.7% were still engaged in commercial sex service during past year. Among the 450 HIV infected persons, 32 (7.1%) reported having casual sex behaviors during past years, and the consistent condom use rate was 18.7% (6/32). The rate of commercial sexual behavior in urban residents (13.4%, 19/115) was higher than that in rural residents (4.5%, 9/198), the difference was statistically significant (χ(2)=11.715, P=0.001). The risk factors for commercial sex behaviors included lack of family and social support, aged 50-59 years, living in urban area, higher income and being male. The risk factors for using no condom included living in rural area, lower education level, lack of family and social support and higher income.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Risk sex behaviors are still prevalent in HIV infected people aged >50 years, which exacerbated HIV transmission. Further efforts should be focused on the education about AIDS prevention and control and promoting protected sexual behaviors. Additional effort should be done to improve the family and social support for HIV infected people aged >50 years. Moreover, comprehensive intervention for low-paid female sex workers also needs to be strengthened.</p>
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , China , Epidemiology , Condoms , HIV Infections , Epidemiology , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Risk-Taking , Sex Work , Psychology , Sexual Behavior , Psychology , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the distribution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) subtypes among intravenous drug users (IDUs) in Kunming, Yunnan province, in 2014.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 276 plasma samples were collected from IDUs in Kunming during April 2014 -July 2014, in which 199 plasma samples were tested to be HCV antibody positive. For the HCV antibody positive samples, HCV E1E2 genes and NS5B genes were amplified by using nested-polymerase chain reaction (PCR). After sequencing, the HCV subtypes were determined through phylogenetic analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Based on the phylogenetic trees of E1E2 gene and NS5B gene fragments, a total of 125 samples were genotyped. 3b was the predominant subtype (48.8%,61/125), followed by 3a (30.4%, 38/125), 6n (14.4%, 18/125), 6a (3.2%, 4/125) and 1b (3.2%, 4/125). The distributions of HCV subtypes by sex, marital status, ethnic group and HIV-1 infection status showed no statistical differences. However, the distribution of HCV subtypes by age showed statistical difference, the diversity of HCV subtypes was found in age group <45 years. The genetic distances of 3a, 3b and 6a on E1E2 and NS5B were larger than those of 1b and 6n. For genotype 3, the genetic distances of 3b on E1E2 and NS5B were larger than those of 3a.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Five HCV subtypes were found among IDUs in Kunming, HCV subtypes 3b and 3a were predominant, which have circulated in this population for long time.</p>
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the characteristics of risky behaviors among different age groups of HIV positive female sex workers, and to explore the strengthening of their management.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From January to June 2014, 22 814 female sex workers were investigated and tested HIV in 117 sentinel surveillance sites in Yunnan Province, and 181 were confirmed to be HIV antibody positive, who accepted questionnaire surveys. According to the age, the participants were divided into the < 35 years old age group and ≥ 35 years old age group. The demographic characteristics, knowledge about HIV/AIDS and related risk behaviors characteristics of the two groups were obtained via questionnaire surveys among 181 HIV positive female sex workers, and in-depth qualitative interviews were conducted from among 12 HIV positive sex workers.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>HIV antibody positive rate was 0.8% (181), the age of the 181 subjects were (35.83 ± 9.17) years old, 76 cases (42.0%) were < 35 years old, and 105 cases (58.0%) were ≥ 35 years old. The differences of marital status, workplace class, the last work site among two groups were statistically significant (χ(2) = 20.80, 28.32, 7.83; P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P = 0.020, respectively). Among 181 HIV, the proportion of AIDS awareness was 95.6% (173); the proportion of drug use among ≥ 35 years old age group was 51.4% (54), which was higher than that in < 35 years old age group (34.2%, 26/76) (χ(2) = 5.30, P = 0.021). 96.7% (175) received condom promotion or HIV counseling and testing in the past year. The proportion of continuing to engage in sexual services over 5 years after HIV infection was 48.5% (51/105) and the proportion of receiving antiretroviral treatment was 69.5% (73/105) in ≥ 35 years old age group, which were higher than those in the < 35 age group (30.2% (23/76), 52.6% (40/76); χ(2) = 12.26, 5.36; P = 0.002, 0.021, respectively). In-depth interviews among 12 HIV positive female sex workers found that regular clients, not consistent use of condoms were the main cause of no condom use. Economic and livelihood factors are important reasons for continuing to engage in sexual services among HIV positive sex workers.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>HIV positive sex workers still have high risk behaviors including continuing to engage in commercial sexual service and no condom use after knowing their HIV infection status, and the proportion of using drugs in the ≥ 35 years old group was higher than that in < 35 years old group.</p>
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , China , Condoms , HIV Seropositivity , Marital Status , Risk Factors , Risk-Taking , Safe Sex , Sex Workers , Sexual Behavior , Substance-Related Disorders , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the change trend of the awareness rate of HIV/AIDS related knowledge, risk behaviors among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Yunnan and the factors influencing their condom use, and evaluate the effect of comprehensive intervention.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The data about the MSM's demographic information, HIV/AIDS related knowledge awareness, and sex behavior, condom use, drug use and intervention receiving were obtained from AIDS sentinel surveillance among MSM in Yunnan province during 2010-2013 to conduct change trend and influencing factor analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 9 073 MSM were surveyed. The awareness rate of the HIV/AIDS related knowledge, homosexual behavior and condom use rate increased year by year (P < 0.01). The condom use rate was lower in heterosexual behavior, and the drug use rate and sexually transmitted disease prevalence declined with year (P < 0.01). Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that cohabiting, low awareness of HIV/AIDS related knowledge, being from other provinces, local residence for <1 year, low education level, receiving no intervention, frequent anal sex and receiving no HIV/AIDS detection were the risk factors influencing persistent condom use among MSM.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The effect of HIV/AIDS comprehensive intervention was observed after 4 years implantation, but most of the index were at low level. More attention should be paid to the intervention among MSM with cohabiting habit, low education level, frequent anal sex, and heterosexual sex. It is necessary to expand intervention coverage, strengthen HIV test and promote condom use among MSM.</p>
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome , Epidemiology , China , Epidemiology , Communicable Diseases , Data Collection , HIV Infections , Habits , Heterosexuality , Homosexuality, Male , Mass Screening , Prevalence , Risk Factors , Risk-Taking , Safe Sex , Sentinel Surveillance , Sexual Behavior , Sexually Transmitted DiseasesABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the digit ratio of men who have sex with men (MSM), and the relationship between digit ratio and the partner types of MSM.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Participants were required from Yunnan Rainbow Sky, a community organization that specialized in HIV testing, intervention and counseling services for MSM between December 2014 and April 2015. Inclusion criteria of MSM as the following: more than 18 years old; men who have had sex with men; HIV test was negative. Exclusion criteria were as this: those who couldn't attend the research due to disability. Eventually, there were 115 MSM participated in the research. According to the nationality, we adopted 1:1 matched case-control study, and we selected 115 men as control group. According to the partner number of MSM, the MSM were divided into two groups. One group was fixed partner and another was multi-partner. We used a questionnaire to collect the demographic characteristics, knowledge about HIV/AIDS, sexual behaviors during nearly 6 months, sexual orientation, the places where looked for sex partners, sex roles, drug use, preventive services etc. Then, the physical measurements were used to measure the length from second to the fifth finger in MSM group and control group. The results were expressed as nD. The chi-square test was used to compare the demographic differences between MSM group and the control group, and the T-test was used to compare the digit ratio between two groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among 115 MSM, there were 26% (30/115) MSM who had a fixed partner, and there were 74% (85/115) MSM who had multi-partner. The mean values of digit ratio of MSM presented a trend as 2D:3D < 2D:4D < 3D:4D < 2D:5D < 4D:5D < 3D:5D. The right 2D:4D and 2D:5D of MSM were 0.957 7 ± 0.048 1 and 1.229 8 ± 0.083 4, and the mean value was significasntly higher than control group (0.941 4 ± 0.038 0 and 1.204 1 ± 0.069 5, t values were 2.84, 2.54 and P values were 0.005, 0.012). The right 2D:4D of the fixed partner group and multi-partner group among MSM were 0.962 2 ± 0.051 0 and 0.956 1 ± 0.047 3, respectively, and the mean values were significantly higher than control group (t values were 2.98, 2.83; P values were 0.027, 0.015).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The proportion of multi-partner MSM was higher, so MSM at a high risk of being HIV infected. Right 2D:4D could be used as a biomarker of the MSM in Kunming, but couldn't reflect the features of MSM whether he has a fixed partner or has several partners.</p>
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Case-Control Studies , China , Fingers , HIV Infections , Homosexuality, Male , Risk-Taking , Sexual Partners , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the high risk behaviors of female sex workers (FSWs) in Yunnan province in 2013.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A cross-sectional investigation was conducted during April to June, 2013 in Yunnan province, census was used to the investigation where the number of FSWs was close to 200, while probability sampling was used where the number of FSWs was obviously over 200. A total of 25 574 cases were investigated, and data on demography and risk behaviors were obtained by questionnaires one by one.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 25 574 cases were investigated, AIDS awareness among FSWs in high-level places, middle-level places and low-level place were 98.8% (92/7 401), 98.6% (150/10 995), and 96.0% (281/6 655). FSWs from low-level place had a lower rate than those from the other two types of places (P < 0.01). The rate of condom use each time when having sex with clients within the recent one month among FESs from high-level places, middle-level places and low-level place were 93.4% (6 307/6 755), 93.8% (10 109/10 782) and 90.4% (6 053/6 697), and the FSWs working in low-level place had a lower rate than those from the other two types of places(P < 0.01). Multi-factor logistic regression analysis showed that the following had a lower rate of condom use: the FSWs working in low-level place (OR = 1.56, 95% CI:1.36-1.79; OR = 1.36, 1.16-1.59), over 30 years old (OR = 0.77, 95%CI:0.69-0.85), Yunnan citizen (OR = 0.88, 95% CI:0.77-1.00), minority (OR = 1.32, 95% CI:1.16-1.50), under senior high school (OR = 0.61, 95%CI:0.49-0.75), married (OR = 0.81, 95% CI:0.71-0.92), living together (OR = 0.70, 95% CI:0.51-0.96), divorced or lost spouses (OR = 0.81, 95% CI:0.65-1.02), worked less than 6 months in local areas (OR = 1.74, 95% CI:1.34-2.27), drug users (OR = 1.65, 95% CI:1.11-2.46), had not accepted HIV interventions (OR = 2.91, 95% CI:2.36-3.58), had no knowledge about AIDS (OR = 4.50, 95% CI:3.48-5.82). The main reasons for not using condoms were the clients' unwilling to use, which accounted for 47.62% (270/567). The total rate of drug use was 1.0% (264/25 567) and the FSWs working in middle-level places had the highest rate of injecting drugs, which accounted for 0.6% (70/11 141). The FSWs working in low-level places had a higher rate than those who worked in high-level places and middle-level places in venereal diseases, which accounted for 1.2% (85/6 934) (P < 0.01). The rate of receiving effective interventions was 96.7% (24 717/25 574), the rate of accepting treatment and clean needles among drug users was 21.6% (57/264).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>High risk behaviors were serious among the FSWs who worked in low-level places, especially among the olders, the minorities, people who had lower educational level, the new-comer and drug users, which indicated that more attention needs to be paid among these populations.</p>